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Late-onset type 1 diabetes: More common than you think? A GPnotebook Shortcut

Evidence suggests that type 1 diabetes develops after the age of 30 years in at least 40% of cases; however, it is frequently misdiagnosed in this age group as it is considered to have its onset predominantly in younger people. This GPnotebook Shortcut is a handy guide to the different classifications of diabetes to help readers establish the right diagnosis.

Type 1 diabetes is characterised by insulin deficiency brought about by autoimmune-mediated destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. Although type 1 diabetes is commonly thought to first develop predominantly in younger people, genetic stratification analysis suggests that at least 40% of cases occur after the age of 30 years (Thomas et al, 2018). Most of these cases are characterised by severe insulin deficiency, with 89% needing insulin therapy after 1 year.

Type 1 diabetes can easily be misdiagnosed if it develops outside of childhood, as a recent study from the University of Exeter demonstrates (Thomas et al, 2019). The authors reviewed 583 people who were diagnosed with any type of diabetes after 30 years of age and who received insulin therapy. Overall, 21% of these had severe insulin deficiency and met the criteria for type 1 diabetes. They had similar clinical characteristics to a comparison cohort of 220 people with young-onset type 1 diabetes.

Overall, 38% of those with late-onset type 1 diabetes did not receive insulin at diagnosis; half of these were misdiagnosed as having type 2 diabetes. Early progression to insulin was a strong predictor of type 1 diabetes, with 85% of the type 1 cohort receiving insulin within 1 year; furthermore, 47% of those who required insulin within 3 years of diagnosis had type 1 diabetes. BMI was not a robust identifier of late-onset type 1 diabetes: only 41% had a BMI <25 kg/m2, and 28% of those with type 2 diabetes had a BMI <25 kg/m2.

Classification of diabetes: A GPnotebook Shortcut
If misdiagnosed, people with late-onset type 1 diabetes will not receive appropriate education and may not be eligible for interventions such as carbohydrate counting courses, continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump therapy; therefore, it is vital to correctly identify the condition. Anyone who is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes but progresses to insulin therapy within 3 years should strongly consider a C-peptide test to confirm the diagnosis – even if this requires referral or liaison with secondary care colleagues if the test cannot be ordered in primary care.

The diagnosis and classification of diabetes in primary care is increasingly challenging. This GPnotebook Shortcut will help in establishing the right diagnosis and ultimately to avoid any harm.


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GPnotebook Shortcuts are a series of easily digestible, bite-sized resources to help clinicians manage their patients in primary care. A full list of Shortcuts can be found here.

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REFERENCES:

NICE (2015a) Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period [NG3]. NICE, London. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3
NICE (2015b) Suspected cancer: recognition and referral [NG12]. NICE, London. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng12
Thomas NJ, Jones SE, Weedon MN et al (2018) Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6: 122–9
Thomas NJ, Lynam AL, Hill AV et al (2019) Type 1 diabetes defined by severe insulin deficiency occurs after 30 years of age and is commonly treated as type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 62: 1167–72

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